Final Determination on Mingo Logan Coal Company! January 13, 2011 Logan County W Virginia

EPA Follows Clean Water Act, Section 404(c) Veto Authority and Discharge of Dredged or Fill Materials (404) US EPA (link to document)

On January 13, 2011, the EPA in conjunction with the President of the United States and the Department of Justice have made a FINAL DETERMINATION in regards to the operating permits once granted to the owners/operators of the Spruce Mine #1 

Spruce Mine #1 operations has been out of compliance since they turned in the information on their permit application. They did not tell all of the toxins and gases and metals they would be pouring into the open waterways of Logan County, West Virginia. 

I heard the Mine-Senator Manchin on WDTV 5. "...absolutely wrong, after going through all this permitting them, process...callous" err Senator, I heard "...no investment". Who cares about the health of my Earth that you are callously making profits on, and the health of your Constituents who have highly toxic water, because when your friends at the mines greased those 404's and 404(c)'s, especially when phone calls are placed to the Environmental State Agency, and heads will roll, if they don't get those permits...

• September 3, 2009. Letter from EPA to the Corps of Engineers who had authority to regulate the waterways. (link to document) 09.03.09
• October 16, 2009 A strongly worded response to Colonel Robert D Peterson, for refusing to act on the EPA's initial request to pull and review the basis of the Permits issued, because EPA findings (attached to the end of this document) test show Spruce Mine #1 has always operated outside of the legal limits of permits, in obeyance of the Clean Water Act, est 1971 (link to document)
• April 2, 2010 Published on the Federal Register. A Proposed Determination - to revoke and veto the 404 and 404(c) permits issued to Spruce Mine #1 (link to document)
• Addendum - References where all information regarding the environmental harm and devastation. Included are the references for every scientific, and medical notation. (link to document) 
• Technical Support Document for all of the harmful, toxic and creepy things done to the waterways adjacent to Spruce Mine #1 (link to document)
• March 26, 2010 EPA-RO3-OW-2009-0985 to withdraw permits for disposal into open waterways(link to document) Between the March 26, 2010, and April 2, 2010 decisions by the EPA, there was one 30-day comment period. Then from April 2 2010, then extended to June 4, 2010, was a 60 day public comment period. As of April 20, 2010, the entire world was focused on the largest known environmental disaster ever. During this time, it was difficult to get the public to respond, but many did.
• March 26, 2010 News Release: WASHINGTON – The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) today announced its proposal under the Clean Water Act to significantly restrict or prohibit mountain top mining at the Spruce No. 1 surface mine in Logan County, W. Va. Spruce No.1 mine is one of the largest mountaintop removal operations ever proposed in Central Appalachia. The project was permitted in 2007 and subsequently delayed by litigation. The Spruce No. 1 mine would bury over 7 miles of headwater streams, directly impact 2,278 acres of forestland and degrade water quality in streams adjacent to the mine. 
• April 27, 2010, Announces May 18th, 2010, Public Meeting
• May 4th, 2010 Federal Register Notices
• May 27, 2010 Public Comment time extended until June 4, 2010
• July 12, 2010 the time to make a determination was extended until September 24, 2010
• Determination basis, link to documents
• January 13, 2011 FINAL DETERMINATION  This was not a shock, nor sudden move. The environmental degredation has continued since the permits were first issued, they have been warned time and again, to change the way they chose to operate within the same environment we all have to live in.

According to the news sources who are bought and paid for by big energy, it is a joke, how they are whining about jobs and investments. The jobs would end soon anyway, because they have about used up every resource imaginable. The permits were gotten without full disclosure and with the help and support of the Corp of Engineers, who overseas the waterways of West Virginia. It is hard to dismiss the fact that in order to get the oversight agency to comply, they had to be bypassed. It is very difficult to go against such power, concentrated in such small areas. Their reach is enormous, but the destruction of our habitat must stop. Coal power is dirty, and everything done to harvest it is deadly and detrimental to our environment and human health.

To quote one of the documents; the first filing on the federal register...

Applying the lessons of the past, we now know that failure to 

control mining practices has resulted in persistent environmental

degradation in the form of acid mine drainage and other impacts that

cost billions to remedy. While the Surface Mining Control and

Reclamation Act (SMCRA), the CWA, and other laws have put in place

controls addressing some environmental impacts, including acid mine

drainage, recent studies and experience point to new environmental and

health challenges that were largely unconsidered until more recently.

We know the regulatory controls currently in place have not prevented

adverse water quality and aquatic habitat impacts from other surface

mining operations. We also know the same types of impacts as those

anticipated from this project have had previously unforeseen

environmental consequences.

Public health issues surrounding the types of impacts associated

with the Spruce No. 1 project are not well understood. EPA has been

presented with household-specific and anecdotal information that

suggests individual and possibly public surface water and ground water

supplies could be adversely impacted by surface coal mining activities.

In addition, recent published studies directly relate intensity of

surface mining activities within Appalachia to degraded public health

and mortality. EPA has been presented with a petition from a variety of

local stakeholders that outlines many of these concerns and further

relates them to issues of environmental justice.

and refused to change the way they operate, and continued unsafe practices, affecting all of the waterways around them. I will put links to documents that are viewable to the public, showing how toxic the waterways and soil is around Spruce Mine #1. 

• The press, is not saying is the history of non-compliance of strip miners, and mountain-top miners.
• Anyone who could do that to a mountain, does not care about nature. 
• Vetoing of the 404c and 404 permits once issued to Mingo Logan Coal Company, working reclamation of Spruce Mine #1 Surface Mine is due to a long legal battle that Coal money has kept going. Environmental Justice had one victory here on this day.

Thank you Lisa Jackson, and all of the citizens who refused to stop, when the cause seemed impossible. 

"Facilities Across the Southeast Ordered to Stop Discharging and Comply with Clean Water Act"

Facilities in States of EPA Region 4 Ordered to comply with the Clean Water Act (link)

Region 4 Covers, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. It is also the home of six Native American nations.


On January 13, 2011, the EPA announces a stop discharging notice. All of the States involved in this are  

• North Carolina, 
• Tennessee, 
• Kentucky and 
• South Carolina.

Operating in these four States are seven (7) entities or businesses that are under this order. For the time being, the time under this order occurred during the last quarter of 2010. Where there were violations of the Clean Water Act (CWA). That is a very quick action to have happened, and thanks to the Regulators in this case deserve a big thank you.


Three of the entities (facilities, or permit holders) who violated storm-water regulations.

"...polluted runoff is discharged, often untreated, directly into local water bodies. The entities cited and their associated violations include:

 

·         YDV, Inc., for violations at the Compass Pointe Phases 2, 3 and 11 sites in Leland, N.C.;

·         Marion Retail Investments, LLC, for violations at its Grandview Station construction site in Marion, N.C.;

·         Shelby County Schools, for violations at the Shelby County Administration Building in Arlington, Tenn."

The further listing of violations by violators are listed below. 


The City of Oak Ridge, TN - sited for Sewage Overflows, untreated into open water


Licking River Resources, inc - for unauthorized discharge of wastewater associated with surface mining and/or coal processing


Clintwood Elkhorn Mining Company - for unauthorized discharge of wastewater associated with surface mining and/or coal processing


Lee Mayer #1 Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation


All of these have been ordered to stop discharging pollutants, accidentially or on purpose onto the ground, and or bodies of water near their facilities. Each one has contributed to the failing percentage of clean water. 


The concern is that they must stop and make remediation, but it will be up to the citizens of these areas to inspect, or make sure the Government agencies assigned to protect the environment continue to do so. 

It is all fine and well that they have finally been stopped, but how much damage to our entire eco-system does this stand? We must protect our environment. It is the only one we have. 

 

Four and four thousand ninety six Blackbirds baked in a Money Pie

Today I count myself very lucky. Do you realize that I live in a State, where the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) was able to ascertain in a matter of minutes that no air toxins were involved in the massacre of  over 5,000, red-winged blackbirds.

Wow, when did they start hiring veterinarians? Who did the autopsies, blood, lung and brain tests already?

Better than Special Victims Unit on TV, in just minutes, ADEQ determined that there are no air toxins involved in the death of all of those birds.  Miraculous. Since I used to work in the Air Division of ADEQ, I am going over in my mind just how all of this went down...

1. ADEM (Arkansas Department of Emergency Management) was called when birds started dropping from the sky. This is standard protocol for a possible spill or what ADEQ calls "UPSET" [the thing is Energy companies are not required to report 'UPSET conditions'. They are self monitored.
2. ADEM Contacted their person on call 24 hours per day at ADEQ. It is possible that a there was air quality problems stemming from Gas Well, or Sour gas. This happens all the time. It is not reported to the public, the gas well companies have no requirement to report this to ADEQ. 
3. The Director of ADEQ was notified, and The Director notified the Arkansas Pollution Control and Ecology Commission,  and Beebe, the Governor may have been in the string of calls.
4. The Chief of the Air Division got a call.
5. The head of Manager of Compliance and Enforcement is given the word, This report will be inconclusive. They all are. 
6. US Environmental Services, makes a load cleaning up the dead birds...who is the consulting / engineering company? Who is so close to the Arkansas pollution commission. who has a lot of interest in Beebe, oh I meant the town... 
7. Arkansas Reclamation

This would have normally been a call that was answered by ADEQ like this, "Dead birds are not under our jurisdiction, you will have to call another Agency, I don't know who you should call, but it isn't us." 

The results will be inconclusive. No one who works for this State agency will make waves. They will put their heads back down, counting days until retirement. While a few engineering firms make billions off of the pollution problems caused by lackadaisical Environmental Enforcement.

 Will they publish the results of the autopsies they performed to come to these conclusions? It would be a good thing to publicly acknowledge the chain of custody and authority in this massive destruction of birds. What are the actions and steps they took to come to that conclusion? 

If I were a philosopher, I would ask, "Is there any connection?" Arkansas Reclamation of Beebe, and Environmental Services are overseen by?  A.P.C. & E. is there a possible conflict of interest? Just thinking out loud.

There were strong complaints against Arkansas Reclamation, and citizens have been put off and ignored since the first day they started hauling in spent hydraulic fracturing fluids for reclaiming. 

To stop the complaints ARC had to stop getting complaints... In the Director of ADEQ's own works from a 2009 meeting regarding "Land Farms" (which is a shady way of saying land that the fluids are taken and dumped), she said it was a test to see how it would go... 

"Director’s Report

Director Marks discussed Arkansas Department of Environmental 

Quality’s (“ADEQ”) proposed 2009 legislation package.  

She reported that Regulation No. 8 did not go through the 

Legislative Council but will be reviewed in December and would 

be ready to go before the commission in January. 

Director Marks reported on a study that ADEQ is doing on 

commercial land farming activity to see what affect it is having 

on the soils and water bodies of the state. 

Commissioner Schueck asked for an  update regarding the 

complaints against the Arkansas Reclamation Company located in 

Beebe that were discussed at the last meeting. Discussion 

followed. 

Chair Thompson called on Senator Kim Hendren to speak to th..."

What kind of study is being done? Who is doing it? What are the conclusions? Who is doing the testing?

 You know, on hazardous areas, birds are kept in cages in the offices, because if they start dying, that means it is time for everyone to clear out. The fact that one bird was seen walking next to people on the ground in circles, and cannot fly on this news clip, is very worrying. 

If humans start dropping dead, will the ADEQ be sent to do autopsies? Just wondering... because it would be inconclusive that any environmental problems exists, there is too much money to be made for that conclusion.

This is Progress

An article in the Washington Times, states, "the birds will not be missed", during migration they come in for a month and crap everywhere. Those birds are here for a reason. 

They will be missed as they eat bugs, flies, mosquitoes, and other parasites that feed on mammals. Each time we lose any species we are one step closer to our own demise. This was an ecological system, all parts important. Today we know the most important thing is a couple of ol' boys make money, and Arkansans are left to pay for the clean up. Way to go.

Arkansas must lose the Natural State Hype, and change to the Fracked State!

ADEQ Air Division

News video, initial report before it is shut down

http://www.komatsuamerica.com/032309-Fayetteville-Shale

Today European Space Agency reveals GlobCover 2009, the most up to date global land map

December 21, 2010 link to ESA most up to date world land map. (link)

                                                


The European Space Agency, (ESA) on December 21, 2010 reveals to the public the most up to date of the world's land cover. 


This version has been accomplished by a lot of hard work and cooperation with scientists and public servants. 


The last complete version was released in 2005. Over 8,000 individuals downloaded the 2005 version. The completion of the latest land map project was accomplished by the gathering of one year's of data from Envisat's Medium Imaging Spectrometer. 

This data was taken then compiled into this map by the Belgium's Universite catholique de Louvain. They created the map using software by Medias France & Germany's Brockman Consult.  This was data harvested within a specific time frame. from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2009.

TVA Kingston TN December 23, 2008

This is a reprint of part of my initial blog post regarding the TVA disaster in December 2008.

To make sure no one forgets the truth of what happened.

 Partnerships Contact Us 12/26/2008 3:08 PM TVA Ups Fly Ash Spill Estimate Date Published: Friday, December 26th, 2008 The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) now says that 5.4 million cubic yards of potentially toxic fly ash was released from a retention pond at its Kingston Fossil Plant in Roane County, TN when a dam burst there early Monday morning. 

According to the Knoxville News, that’s triple the estimate of 1.7 million cubic yards the TVA released earlier this week. The TVA said it could take months, if not years, to clean up the Tennessee fly ash spill. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was supervising the cleanup, and was also trying to determine if the area engulfed by the fly ash should be deemed a Superfund site. 

The Tennessee fly ash spill occurred around 1:00 a.m. after a wall holding back 80 acres of sludge from the TVA coal plant in central Tennessee broke. Though the exact cause of the accident was not known, it was thought that six inches of rain over the previous 10 days and overnight temperatures in the teens contributed to the dam breach. 

The TVA said that up to 400 acres of land had been coated by the sludge, making it 48 times larger than the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska. 

The fly ash spill damaged 15 homes. All the residents were evacuated, but at least three homes were deemed uninhabitable. The spill also clogged the nearby Emory River, which provides drinking water for millions of people living downstream. 

In the days after the spill, hundreds of fish were seen floating dead downstream from the plant The environmental scope of the disaster is still not known. 

Fly ash is one of the waste products generated when coal is burned.

Studies have shown that fly ash contains significant quantities of heavy metals like arsenic, lead and selenium, which can cause cancer and neurological problems. According to The New York Times, a 2006 study by the National Research Council found that coal-burning byproducts such as fly ash contain these toxins in amounts large enough to “pose public health and environmental concerns if improperly managed.” The study said “risks to human health and ecosystems” might occur when these contaminants entered drinking water supplies or surface water bodies. 
, The TVA said its initial water quality tests showed no threat to drinking water. 

However, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation has yet to complete its own water testing. 

At least one environmental group, Greenpeace, is calling for a criminal investigation into the TVA fly ash spill. “Every facility like this is supposed to have a spill contingency plan to prevent this kind of disaster,” Rick Hind, Greenpeace Legislative Director said in a press release. 

“The authorities need to get to the bottom of what went wrong and hold the responsible parties accountable.” Similar spills have resulted in felony charges, the release noted. Apparently, the fly ash pond at the TVA Kingston plant had a history of safety problems. In the days following the spill, the TVA released inspection reports showing there had been two other breaches of the same fly ash pond during the previous six years. A report in The Tennessean also said the plant’s neighbors had reported previous “baby blowouts” that caused less severe contamination. This entry was posted on Friday, December 26th, 2008 at 7:51 am and is filed under Legal News, Health Concerns, Toxic Substances, Accident.


Specific driving/walking/boating directions (from nearest intersection, main road, waterway or supply navigational coordinates, if necessary): (4000 characters maximum, text will wrap automatically) Emory River,

Presidents Environmental Youth Awards

The EPA is accepting applications for those wanting to earn a Presidents Environmental Youth Award. The Mission Statement is, "Today's youth protecting tomorrows environment" Youth are being encouraged to enter, and Sponsors are needed for these groups and individuals. All 50 States and US Territories are invited to participate. 


Deadline is December 31, 2010! Click on the link below to find out more about the program. Check out 2009 year winners. You will be impressed by all of the good work done, and the Hope that is shinning brightly in our young people. This is bringing life back to our planet and a willing army who may actually save our planet. Thank you President Obama, and thank you Ms. Lisa Jackson for promoting this wonderful movement.


Presidents Environmental Youth Award (link to information and application links) PEYA | US EPA


Sara Jo Lambert's Blog - Built a Ecology Center, a high school student 2009 Winner


Greenversations - EPA Blog features Sara Jo Lambert

4/20 - I have been away \/ 2010

Amazing, how can a person "get away" from the Environment? Can I hide from the Great Mother Earth (Gaia?) Can I escape the Light beaming from Space and 100 million years ago? 


What I love about a Blog is you can ramble and rumble - TYPE IN ALL CAPS! YELL, CUSS, ACCUSE and Inform. When people get harried on Facebook, and stay harried, I will usually tell them about Blog.spot, and how they can "Blog It!". It is better than voting. It works. 


In the electronic world, or should I say the universe of 10101010101010's or the Internet - Ethernet it is a dimension outside of the one we walk about in. Under the scheme of things, this world is new to our species. It has not taken long for it to be used as a tool for good and evil - of course. That is life. Yin and Yang, Good vs Evil, Devil vs God, Light vs Dark. 


There are things that are written about, documented and shared on the www (worldwideweb) by Professionals, Technical Professionals, Organizations, Media and Sellers (Promoters). There is underworld activity. Crime is  rampant, because the Internet - Web is just another land where people are communicating by various and, many ways and means. 


I so wish Mark Twain/Samuel Clemmons were alive today ("Patriotism is the last refuge of scoundrels.,"), because he would perhaps make us take thought about what we have traded human interaction, love and family for. People are more in love with their Internet world, and friends than even God. Please, I have been reading in Q/A Forums..."do you think it is a sin to tweet in Church?" "Is is wrong to tweet while being intimate?" Really? Intimacy and what it means has changed. Affection, communication, what we give our time to, has changed.


I love when my "Conspiracy Theories" turn out to be fact. It happens at least 50% of the time, so I know that although I am a little crazy, "a good nut." I am paranoid at times but right at least half the time. I used to be lots more, but my giveadamn is busted. I am at the age where if they decide to fry me up, and eat me - I will be very, very tough!


 I do know too much, only because I bother to pay attention and read the fine print. I understand technical writing. I did read over 300 government notifications per day, every day for 2.5 years,  Regarding the Environment. I alerted Citizens worldwide about Environmental Concerns, when Public Comments are received by the EPA. I Informed many friends about Public Meetings that were coming up in the U.S. and Region 6, some Worldwide information (Thanks to ESA, NASA, AMS, and others)


People have a tendency when they get in positions of power, think 'those' menial people nearby are like the dirt under their shoe and can't hear or form an idea. They don't think highly of people of lower stature in society, so they carry on like no one hears or sees what-the-truck they are about. They are so assured of their power, position and standing, they are not afraid to speak in front of the "help" . They know they can squish a man or his family in hours. "Like shooting ducks in a pond."


In Power; Corruption a type of blindness sets in. When people are in the money racket, and they have got a greed on them, or in them, you best get out of their way. Although they will Make Sure You Abide by all of the Rules, they will violate the most serious, they have enough legal power to out do you on every angle. If you catch them in a corner, it is you that will get it. RIP.


My hope is that I present information, it helps, people are better able to be involved in the management of their environment. I always thought it was a majority who were concerned about the Environment and with a little correct information, and links to more information, it would cause citizens to rise up and be involved in their Biosphere. At the time of the Deep Water Horizon Disaster where 11 men died, I was a College Student, in an Environmental Geology class. 


The Clean Energy Act had passed the House I think, and it was being whored around the Senate. 


I figured within days people would begin taking a hard look at the way they use fuel, gas, oil, autos, trucks, trains and planes. Realizing that our demand for energy is so unquenchable, and people would finally decide, we must  stop living like we own all the substances under our Earth's Crust, and that we can't keep sucking the life's blood from our Planet, and continue to subsist. 


Those in the Earth Sciences field knew right away how bad this was. There was not pipe to cap. In all probability the movement of a drill bit, hit a pocket of natural gas, sparking the explosion. Since the US doesn't require extra safety features, and relief wells, or didn't - It did not have any preventative or remedial resources at hand. 


Those extra safety measures that are also the costs that are the things that Greedy Industries whine about. In EPA's Region 6 - in the Southern US, the Environmental State Agencies don't really care for the EPA and push their State's Rights Agenda's against the Federal Government. In Arkansas, Louisiana and Oklahoma, you can "pay to play". 


Texas is in Region 6, and they are very strict on some things, but they let the Frackers alone, until they came on over to Arkansas. They never could get those Fracking Companies, or Gas Extraction Sub-Contractors to apply for permits. 


They avoided obeying the TX law, and they are free and clear. In Region 6, there are no pollution limits, and very little regulation. As far as punishments for violations, they are usually settled for pennies on the dollar to large industry. To the Mom & Pop shops, they pay every dime of the highest fines possible.


Back to the Deep Water Disaster... People started going after BP. I admit, I am still angry that every person in charge of this project, was not arrested and drug tested. Any Other Insured American would have to undergo drug testing in any Industrial Accident. Perhaps Administrators were high on something, and couldn't make a decision to install safety features and a contingency plan. It is not fair.


As far as being pissed at BP over the entire scope of the Disaster - No. How can people say Boycott BP, while pulling into Exxon or Shell? My God, doesn't anyone have a clue? Really? Sierra Club, took 2 planes to survey 1). the Oil Spill, 2). the plane taking photos of the Oil Disaster...I about lost my lunch. HELLO - DEMAND FOR OIL PERIOD! Not foreign oil, any oil. 


No one in any conservation group you would recognize is willing to give up their combustion or electric metal box that propels them down the highway. Humans think it is a Right to have locomotion under our asses. I would like the right to transportation to work and shopping, but that is not a priority in America. It is more, faster, more expensive...dang there has to be a stopping point. Those who are concerned about the planet call this the "tipping point."


Throughout one of the worse environmental disasters as far as human health is concerned, The Clean Energy Act died. A judge in Louisiana showed how much power a Southern Judge can have against a President. The EPA has become tucked neatly under the wing of Big Energy. The Department of Energy made a pact with Homeland Security to push "Clean Coal", "Nuclear Power" and "Natural Gas Extraction". This is the "new energy policy" that will be enforced as National Security. 


It is the same people who have been staying the Halls of Congress passing their dirty, greedy energy propaganda. They use words like 'sustainability' in every other sentence, because that's what the Tree Huggers say.  Monsanto and Dow are passing these "clean", "sustainable" words like cheap tarts at an Executive party.


None of these are clean, none are renewable unless you have a few million years...and the Pew Project endorsed this. 


All this is transpiring while our Air Conditioning Filter is ruined for at least 20 years. We suffered over 100 days over 100 degrees, and only this week (10.19.10) have we had good little rains, and temps under 90 degrees. The entire globe has been affected by the Oil Disaster, just most of it has been done like a magician using slight of hand. The majority of Americans have gone on to "real housewives" or "dancing with the stars", it is nearly forgotten. 


In other places in the Globe, where they have better environmental policies than we do in the U.S. they are noticing. Russia spent 4 months on fire, China, Singapore, Indonesia have been almost undersea with 4-6 months of flooding, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and I think a tsunami. The Ocean currents will be affected for a minimum of 3 years. We do not even know what ruining the Gulf did to our Globe and our ability as humans to adapt.


With record high temps and no healing rain, it has been record use of electricity. Water quality is down almost everyplace in the South, of North America. We are losing record amounts of the creatures who pollinate our plants so that food will grow. 


I quit driving for about 60 days after 4.20.10. I felt so guilty for bringing harm to the aquatic life, the fisher-people, and the birds, I couldn't make myself get in a car and start it up. It was too much. It still is, but life so far goes on.


I stopped posting announcements and notices, because I wonder if anyone really cares. I ran into some old Hippie family shortly after the disaster. I was taken aback, by the fact they no longer care about what happens to the world as a whole. It is just for them and I guess that is fine, I was just disappointed.


So many people have been lulled to sleep they just think it will take care of itself, and that our world will continue to sustain us as she has in the past. I think the world cannot take much more abuse, and big changes must happen soon. 


The Best to you All... 


The 10 Billion Jolt California's Energy Crisis: Cowardice, Greed, Stupidity and the


Enron: The Smartest Guys in The Room (2-Disc Set - WMVHD DVDs)

Vehicle engines: Fuel consumption and air pollution (Mankind and the engineer ; v. 3)